Modern Petroleum Refining Technologies Download Book!

Refinery Overview:
Process Configuration
1.  Crude & Vacuum Distillation Units.
2.  Hydrocracker & Coker Units.
3.  Naphtha Reforming & Isomerization Units.
4.  Naphtha & Distillate Hydrotreating Units.
5.   LPG & Kerosene Merox Treating Units.
6.  Hydrogen Plant & Sulfur Recovery
7.  Amine Regeneration & Sour Water Stripper
Middle East Operation & Maintenance For Oil Refineries
Middle East Operation & Maintenance For Oil Refineries
PRODUCTS
1. Fuel Gas (3.7%)
2. LPG (3.2%)
3. Regular Gasoline (19.7%)
4. Premium Gasoline  (4.9%)
5. Kero./Jet Fuel (14.6%)
6. Diesel Oil (43.7%)
7. Green Coke (7.6%)
8. Sulfur (1.8%)

Main Process Units:
Crude & Vacuum Unit
Crude & Vacuum Unit
Crude & Vacuum Unit
Process Material Balance
Process Material Balance
Process Material Balance
Hydrocracker Unit
Hydrocracker Unit is divided into Two Sections:
1- Reaction Section.
2- Fractionation Section.

1- Reaction Section:
Hydrocracker Unit Reaction Section
Hydrocracker Unit Reaction Section
2- Fractionation Section:
Hydrocracker Unit fractionation section
Hydrocracker Unit fractionation section
Process Material Balance:
Process Material Balance
Process Material Balance
Coker Unit
Coker Unit is divided into Three Sections:
1. Fractionation Section.
2. Vapor Recovery Section.
3. Blow Down Section.

1. Fractionation Section
Coker Unit Fractionation Section
Coker Unit Fractionation Section
2. Vapor Recovery Section
Coker Unit Vapor Recovery Section
Coker Unit Vapor Recovery Section
3. Blow Down Section
Process Material Balance
Coker Unit Process Material Balance
Coker Unit Process Material Balance
Naphtha Hydrotreater
Naphtha Hydrotreater
Naphtha Hydrotreater

Naphtha Splitter
Naphtha Splitter
Naphtha Splitter
- Process Material Balance
NHT Unit Process Material Balance
NHT Unit Process Material Balance
Platforming & CCR Unit
Platforming & CCR Unit
Platforming & CCR Unit
CCR Section
CCR Section
CCR Section
Process Material Balance
Platforming Unit - Process Material Balance
Platforming Unit - Process Material Balance 
Isomerization Unit
Isomerization Unit
Isomerization Unit
Isomerization Unit
Process Material Balance
Isomerization Unit - Process Material Balance
Isomerization Unit - Process Material Balance
Kerosene Merox Unit
Kerosene Merox Unit
Kerosene Merox Unit
Kerosene Merox Unit - Process Material Balance
Kerosene Merox Unit - Process Material Balance
Hydrogen Plant
Hydrogen Plant
Hydrogen Plant
Hydrogen Plant - Process Material Balance
Hydrogen Plant - Process Material Balance
Sulphur Recovery
Sulphur Recovery
Sulphur Recovery
Sulphur Recovery - Process Material Balance
Sulphur Recovery - Process Material Balance

  Middle East Operation & Maintenance For Oil Refineries  

Middle East Operation & Maintenance For Oil Refineries
Middle East Operation & Maintenance For Oil Refineries

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Basic Educational Fluid Dynamics and Fluid Flow Fundamentals Manual #Download no.12 Download Book!

This is the best Basic Fluid Dynamics and Fluid Flow Fundamentals Manual for educational uses. Download link is at the end of the post. 
This manual encourages through its chapters to:
Chapter A:  REVIEW ON DENSITY
(a) define mass density and specific gravity.
(b) identify the various density scales.
(c) convert between density scales and specific gravity.
(d) calculate the density of a substance at different temperatures.
(e) calculate the density of a mixture of substances. 

Chapter B: REVIEW ON PRESSURE AND MANOMETERS
(a) define pressure.
(b) identify the various pressure scales.
(c) derive the relationship between pressure and the height of a column of fluid.
(d) calculate pressure using various kinds of manometers.

Chapter C: SURFACE TENSION
(a)  explain the phenomenon of surface tension
(b)  understand the role of cohesive force, adhesive force and angle of contact in surface tension.
(c) explain capillary action in a capillary tube.
(d) derive the force that is holding the column of liquid in a capillary tube.
(e) calculate the force around the meniscus in a capillary tube.
(f) explain the effect of capillary action on the measurement of column heights in manometers.
(g) explain how to read the meniscus of a fluid in a capillary tube.

Chapter D: BUOYANCY
(a) calculate the buoyant force on submerged and semi submerged objects.
(b) calculate an object's volume or density from its weight in a known liquid.
(c) calculate the density of a liquid from a hydrometer's submerged length.
(d) calculate the change in force on a displacer as it is submerged and as a liquid interface moves from one end to the other.

Chapter E: VISCOSITY
(a) state the importance of viscosity and to define dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity.
(b) introduce the units for viscosity.
(c) calculate viscosity by formula for the various viscometers.
(d) determine viscosity in Saybolt Universal Seconds scale and Redwood Standard. 

Chapter F: FLOW OF FLUIDS
(a) calculate the volume flow rate, mass flow rate and velocity of fluids in pipes
(b) determine the diameter and area from tables for standard steel pipe, copper and steel tubing
(c) determine the diameter of pipe used for an optimum flow velocity
(d) derive the equation of continuity and explain its implications from the principle of the conservation of mass.

Chapter G: BERNOULLI'S  EQUATION  WITHOUT  LOSSES
(a) explain Bernoulli's equation from the principle of conservation of energy.
(b) know the units of Bernoulli's equation and what they mean.
(c) switch to any of the three common units possible for Bernoulli's equation.
(d) determine the proper units to put into Bernoulli's equation and explain how to do so.
(e) use Bernoulli's equation to calculate for unknowns such as pressure, volume flow rate and mass flow rate.
(f) use Bernoulli's equation to describe the principle of operation of head flow meters.
(g) use Bernoulli's equation to determine the liquid flow rate in piping systems.
(h) use Bernoulli's equation on gas flow problems and understand its limitations.
(i) calculate the power in and out of a pump or turbine given its efficiency.
(j) calculate pump power required or turbine power extracted using Bernoulli's equation.

Chapter H: BERNOULLI'S EQUATION WITH LOSSES
(a) calculate Reynolds Number for liquid flow in a pipe.
(b) calculate the friction factor from Reynolds Number and relative roughness, e.
(c) calculate the pipe friction losses for specified flow conditions using Moody's diagram and the Colebrook formula.
(d) calculate the pressure drop in piping systems due to various fittings using equivalent lengths data.
(e) approach systematically a complex flow question and using Bernoulli's equation and the equation of continuity.
(f) solve a complex flow question for two unknowns by iteration.

Chapter I:
 ORIFICE FLOW METERING
(a) explain how the mass flow rate for liquid, steam and gases is obtained from an orifice plate using the equations from the SI Engineering data book for liquids, steam and gases. (p.3-1 to 3-31,Section 3)
 (b) explain how all constants required in the aforementioned equations are obtained
 (c) explain, using the aforementioned equations, how the orifice diameter can be determined from the given mass flow rate
 (d) define the permanent pressure loss resulting from an orifice plate restriction.

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Basic Chemistry Fundamentals Educational Book #Download no.3 Download Book!

This is the best Basic Chemistry Fundamentals Book for educational uses. Download link is at the end of the post. 
This book encourages the student through its chapters to:
Chapter1: matter
1.define the term matter
2. describe the three states of matter in terms of volume, shape, movement of particles and the strength of the attractive forces between the particles
3. identify and name the transitions from one state to another and indicate whether energy is  required or released during the transition
4. define the terms pure substance, compound, element and ‘atom’
5.  define the terms homogeneous matter and heterogeneous matter
6. define the terms physical property and chemical property of a substance
7. define the terms physical change and chemical change

chapter2: atoms, elements and the periodic table
1. Define the terms element and atom.
2. Describe the subatomic particles, electron, proton and neutron, in terms of their mass, charge, and location in the atom.
3. Define the terms atomic number, mass number and isotope.
4. Describe the properties of electrons.
5. Define and describe the term isotope.
6. Identify the main groups of the periodic table.
7. Explain the differences between metal, nonmetal and metalloid.

chapter3: compounds and molecules
1. Identify cations and anions.
2. Predict ions from the periodic table
3. Define ionic and covalent bonding.
4. Distinguish between ionic and covalent bonding.
5. Predict simple chemical formulas using bonding rules.
6. Name simple ionic and covalent compounds using naming rules.

chapter4: chemical reactions
1. Define chemical reaction, reactant and product.
2. Balance simple chemical reactions.
3. Identify combination, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement and hydrocarbon combustion reactions based on given chemical equations.
4. Predict the products of chemical reactions given the reactants.

chapter5: chemical calculations
1. Perform calculations to find number of atoms, molecules and moles of a given substance.
2. Calculate the formula mass of ionic compounds.
3. Calculate the molecular mass of covalent compounds
4. Determine the number of moles, molar mass and mass of a given compound.
5. Perform stoichiometric calculations on simple chemical reactions.
6. Identify the limiting reagent, excess reagent and percent yield of a given chemical reaction.

chapter6: corrosion 
1. Briefly describe corrosion.
2. Outline the corrosion of iron.
3. Describe three methods of corrosion prevention.
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Gas Processing Fundamentals(1) - "Principles of Gas Processing" #Download no.19 Download Book!

1. OVERVIEW
    The natural gas used in our homes and industries does not come out of the ground ready to be burned for heat and fuel. The gas often contains too many contaminants at the wellhead to meet the quality specifications set by natural gas buyers. In addition, the natural gas stream may contain natural gas liquids (NGLS, or hydrocarbon liquids) that could have increased value when separated from the gas stream. So the gas is put through a series of processes in order to make it usable. Those processes used to remove contaminants and separate. NGL's are referred to as processing.

Symbol

TYPICAL NATURAL GAS  STREAM

Methane       (C1)
For home and industrial use as a fuel ( stove, water heater, etc. )
Ethane          (C2)
Makes glycol, anti-freeze ,plastics, etc.
Propane       (C3)
Used as a commercial fuel .
Isobutane    (C4)
Used in making plastics, and as a gasoline “ Spiker ”
Normal Butane Products. (NC4)
Used as a fuel, also for making plastics and certain rubber products.
Pentane (C5+)
Pentane plus anything “ heavier ” ( or containing more than five carbon atoms ) is basically gasoline.


Symbol

Contaminants

Nitrogen (N2)
Has no BTU value, just takes up space in the gas stream.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Reduces the BTU rating of the gas, and is also corrosive.
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
Is corrosive and toxic.
Water (H2O)
IS corrosive to pipeline, and can lead to the formation of hydrates .


Separation
     Gas processing starts at the wellhead. When gas comes out of the ground, it normally contains liquids such as oil and water. These liquids must be separated from the gas before the producer can sell the gas. This separation is usually accomplished at the wellhead using a device known as a three phase separator.
Three – Phase Vertical Separator
Three – Phase Vertical Separator
Metering
      The separated gas is then routed through a meter station and sent to a process­ing facility. Metering is a critical function because in order to maximize profits it is important to know how much gas is leaving the well. and how much is arriving at the process­ing facility. A major difference in those amounts could indicate a breakage in the pipeline.


Gas Gathering
       After metering, the gas moves through a pipeline to a processing facility. To process gas efficiently, it is usually piped from many producing locations to a central process­ing facility. This is much more efficient and economical than setting up separate process­ing facilities for each production stream. Bringing various Quantities of gas together at one location for processing is called gas
Gas gathering systems are composed of pipelines and "booster" stations that increase the gas pressure as needed to. move the gas to its destination. These systems can range from one mile to thousands of miles in length.


Processing 
      Once the gas reaches the central processing facility, it is put through several processes to meet sales Quality specifications. These processes can be broken down into two major categories: Removal of contaminants and removal of natural gas liquids (NGLS).
Typical Meter Station
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Drilling Fluid (Mud) 6 functions. Download Book!

Drilling fluids are used to perform the following six functions:
1- To stabilize the wellbore while controlling subsurface pressure.
2- To suspend drilled particles and transport them to the surface.
3- To cool and lubricate the bit and drill string.
4- To assist in formation of valuation while minimizing formation damage.
5- To assist in supporting the suspended drill string.
6- To transmit hydraulic horse power to the bit.


Watch the video to look at each of these functions individually.


    The normal fluid pressure gradient of the earth is about 0.465 psi per foot of depth which is equivalent to a column of fluid weighing about 8.9 pounds per gallon. In many drilling areas, the weight of water plus accumulated drilling solids is sufficient to balance this gradient and thus prevent fluid flow into the wellbore from permeable formations. However there are areas where abnormally high pressures requiring increase in the density of the drilling fluid. In such cases, the drilling fluid will be wetted up with a high specific gravity additive. Typically, the column of drilling fluid exerts a slightly higher pressure than that within the drilled formations, a condition which results in some degree of fluid flow into permeable rocks. The drilling fluid must be designed to form a filter cake of solid particles against the wellbore wall. Preventing significant fluid loss into the formation and thus stabilizing the hole.

    The addition of specially formulated natural clays to the drilling fluids normally provides this capability. These clays also improve the drilling fluids ability to transport the drilled rock cuttings to the surface where they can be screened out and sampled for geological information. The fluids viscosity permitted to carry these particles in suspension and the clay increases this viscosity of the fluid. The clay also gives the fluid gel strength, a property which causes the mud to stiffen or gel when pumping stops but allows it to be liquefied again when pumping resumes. This property keeps the suspended cuttings from falling to the bottom of the hole when circulation is halted. With subsurface temperatures in the hundreds of degrees Fahrenheit and enormous pressures being applied to the drill bits face, the need to cool the rotating surfaces of the bits components becomes important. The fourth function of the drilling fluid is to add in the collection of geological information. The most obvious manner, in which this is accomplished, is by the transport of cuttings to the surface.

    By calculating the depth of which these cuttings were drilled, a log of the hole can be developed. Coupled with detection of formation fluids in the returning mud, this information is the first glimpse of the subsurface available to the geologist. But the drilling fluid also provides important assistance to the logging of the drilled hole by permitting the shallow invasion of unknown salinity filtrate into potentially productive formations. By minimizing the amount of this filtrate the filter cake formed on the wellbore wall protects the formation from large amounts of foreign drilling fluids which could damage the permeability characteristics of the formation. With average well depth increasing, the weight needed to be supported by the drilling rig becomes an increasingly important factor.
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Components inside Heat Exchanger building Download Book!

1- Tubes
2- Tube Sheets
3- Shell and Shell-Side Nozzles
4- Tube Size Channels and Nozzles
5- Channel Covers
6- Pass Divider
7- Baffles
video
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